> Trialight public data. Index of pages: https://trialight.com/llms.txt
> Web page: https://trialight.com/data/target/chrm1-e35fe02d-a288-5062-830d-01da44f5bd85
> Record changed: 2026-10-13

# CHRM1

ENSG00000168539

Target class

GPCR

Chromosome

11

Approved drugs

35

Clinical candidates (approved and in development)

42

## Clinical evidence

**Approved drugs**

35

**Clinical candidates (approved and in development)**

42

## Druggability

**Chemical probe available**

Yes

## Names

**Target name**

CHRM1

**Gene name**

Cholinergic receptor muscarinic 1

**Gene symbol**

CHRM1

**Protein name**

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1

## Classification

**Gene biotype**

Protein coding

**Gene family**

Cholinergic receptors muscarinic

**Target class**

GPCR

**Target type**

Human gene

## Expression and localisation

**Tissues expressed in**

14

**Highest tissue expression**

55.18

**Tissue specificity (Gini)**

0.835

**Tissue specificity (tau)**

0.911

## Pathways and interactions

**KEGG gene identifiers**

- hsa:1128

**Protein interaction confidence**

0.828914

**Protein interaction partners**

35

### Reactome pathways (2)

- R-HSA-390648
- R-HSA-416476

## Genomic location

**End position**

62921877

**Start position**

62908679

**Chromosome**

11

**Strand**

Reverse

## Identifiers

**Ensembl gene ID**

ENSG00000168539

**HGNC ID**

HGNC:1950

Source: [www.genenames.org](https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc%5Fid/HGNC:1950)

**NCBI Gene ID**

1128

**UniProt ID**

P11229

## Cellular location

- Cell membrane
- Multi-pass membrane protein. Postsynaptic cell membrane
- Multi-pass membrane protein.

## Tissue expression

**Tissue specificity (tau)**

0.911015

**Expression inequality (Gini)**

0.835254

### Highest expression

Expression in transcripts per million

**Brain - Cortex**

55.18

**Brain - Frontal Cortex (BA9)**

52.43

**Brain - Nucleus accumbens (basal ganglia)**

37.87

**Brain - Anterior cingulate cortex (BA24)**

27.64

**Brain - Caudate (basal ganglia)**

25.74

### All tissues (54)

Expression in transcripts per million

- Brain - Cortex55.18
- Brain - Frontal Cortex (BA9)52.43
- Brain - Nucleus accumbens (basal ganglia)37.87
- Brain - Anterior cingulate cortex (BA24)27.64
- Brain - Caudate (basal ganglia)25.74
- Prostate25.64
- Brain - Putamen (basal ganglia)21.44
- Minor Salivary Gland18.81
- Brain - Hippocampus18.56
- Brain - Amygdala14.77
- Skin - Sun Exposed (Lower leg)4.18
- Skin - Not Sun Exposed (Suprapubic)3.14
- Lung2.17
- Brain - Hypothalamus1.46
- Colon - Sigmoid0.67
- Breast - Mammary Tissue0.67
- Colon - Transverse0.6
- Stomach0.6
- Brain - Substantia nigra0.49
- Small Intestine - Terminal Ileum0.4
- Brain - Spinal cord (cervical c-1)0.29
- Esophagus - Gastroesophageal Junction0.24
- Esophagus - Muscularis0.24
- Brain - Cerebellar Hemisphere0.2
- Brain - Cerebellum0.2

And 29 more, listed on the interactive page.

## Biological functions

### Biological processes (8)

- GO:0007165  
Source: [www.ebi.ac.uk](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0007165)
- GO:0007186  
Source: [www.ebi.ac.uk](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0007186)
- GO:0007200  
Source: [www.ebi.ac.uk](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0007200)
- GO:0007207  
Source: [www.ebi.ac.uk](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0007207)
- GO:0007213  
Source: [www.ebi.ac.uk](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0007213)
- GO:0007399  
Source: [www.ebi.ac.uk](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0007399)
- GO:0043270  
Source: [www.ebi.ac.uk](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0043270)
- GO:0060251  
Source: [www.ebi.ac.uk](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0060251)

### Cellular components (2)

- GO:0005886  
Source: [www.ebi.ac.uk](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0005886)
- GO:0016020  
Source: [www.ebi.ac.uk](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0016020)

### Molecular functions (3)

- GO:0004435  
Source: [www.ebi.ac.uk](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0004435)
- GO:0005515  
Source: [www.ebi.ac.uk](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0005515)
- GO:0016907  
Source: [www.ebi.ac.uk](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/term/GO:0016907)

## On-target safety

- exhaustion  
### Effects

  - Activation/Increase/Upregulation: acute  
### Studies

  - preclinical: exhaustion  
### Biological samples (5)

  - nervous system
  - respiratory
  - liver
  - cardiovascular
  - gastrointestinal  
PubMed 28216264  
Source: [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28216264/)
- gastrointestinal side effects  
### Effects

  - Activation/Increase/Upregulation: general  
### Studies

  - clinical: gastrointestinal side effects  
### Biological samples (3)

  - cardiovascular system
  - nervous system
  - gastrointestinal  
Evidence source  
Source: [doi.org](https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118098141.ch2)
- increased gastric acid secretion  
### Effects

  - Activation/Increase/Upregulation: acute  
### Studies

  - preclinical: increased gastric acid secretion  
### Biological samples (5)

  - nervous system
  - respiratory
  - liver
  - cardiovascular
  - gastrointestinal  
PubMed 28216264  
Source: [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28216264/)
- decreased gastric acid secretion  
### Effects

  - Inhibition/Decrease/Downregulation: acute  
### Studies

  - preclinical: decreased gastric acid secretion  
### Biological samples (5)

  - nervous system
  - respiratory
  - liver
  - cardiovascular
  - gastrointestinal  
PubMed 28216264  
Source: [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28216264/)
- increased blood pressure  
### Effects

  - Activation/Increase/Upregulation: general  
### Studies

  - clinical: increased blood pressure  
### Biological samples (3)

  - cardiovascular system
  - nervous system
  - gastrointestinal  
Evidence source  
Source: [doi.org](https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118098141.ch2)
- abdominal cramps  
### Effects

  - Activation/Increase/Upregulation: acute  
### Studies

  - preclinical: abdominal cramps  
### Biological samples (5)

  - nervous system
  - respiratory
  - liver
  - cardiovascular
  - gastrointestinal  
PubMed 28216264  
Source: [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28216264/)
- increased/decreased blood pressure  
### Effects

  - Activation/Increase/Upregulation: acute  
### Studies

  - preclinical: increased/decreased blood pressure  
### Biological samples (5)

  - nervous system
  - respiratory
  - liver
  - cardiovascular
  - gastrointestinal  
PubMed 28216264  
Source: [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28216264/)
- decreased convulsions  
### Effects

  - Inhibition/Decrease/Downregulation: acute  
### Studies

  - preclinical: decreased convulsions  
### Biological samples (5)

  - nervous system
  - respiratory
  - liver
  - cardiovascular
  - gastrointestinal  
PubMed 28216264  
Source: [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28216264/)
- increased body temperature  
### Effects

  - Activation/Increase/Upregulation: acute  
### Studies

  - preclinical: increased body temperature  
### Biological samples (5)

  - nervous system
  - respiratory
  - liver
  - cardiovascular
  - gastrointestinal  
PubMed 28216264  
Source: [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28216264/)
- frothing  
### Effects

  - Activation/Increase/Upregulation: acute  
### Studies

  - preclinical: frothing  
### Biological samples (5)

  - nervous system
  - respiratory
  - liver
  - cardiovascular
  - gastrointestinal  
PubMed 28216264  
Source: [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28216264/)
- increased memory  
### Effects

  - Activation/Increase/Upregulation: acute  
### Studies

  - preclinical: increased memory  
### Biological samples (5)

  - nervous system
  - respiratory
  - liver
  - cardiovascular
  - gastrointestinal  
PubMed 28216264  
Source: [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28216264/)
- regulation of circadian rhythm  
### Effects

  - Activation/Increase/Upregulation: general  
### Studies

  - clinical: regulation of circadian rhythm  
### Biological samples (3)

  - cardiovascular system
  - nervous system
  - gastrointestinal  
Evidence source  
Source: [doi.org](https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118098141.ch2)
- liver failure  
### Effects

  - Activation/Increase/Upregulation: acute  
### Studies

  - preclinical: liver failure  
### Biological samples (5)

  - nervous system
  - respiratory
  - liver
  - cardiovascular
  - gastrointestinal  
PubMed 28216264  
Source: [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28216264/)
- bronchorrhea  
### Effects

  - Activation/Increase/Upregulation: acute  
### Studies

  - preclinical: bronchorrhea  
### Biological samples (5)

  - nervous system
  - respiratory
  - liver
  - cardiovascular
  - gastrointestinal  
PubMed 28216264  
Source: [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28216264/)
- increased heart rate  
### Effects

  - Inhibition/Decrease/Downregulation: acute  
### Studies

  - preclinical: increased heart rate  
### Biological samples (5)

  - nervous system
  - respiratory
  - liver
  - cardiovascular
  - gastrointestinal  
PubMed 28216264  
Source: [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28216264/)
- increased heart rate  
### Effects

  - Activation/Increase/Upregulation: general  
### Studies

  - clinical: increased heart rate  
### Biological samples (3)

  - cardiovascular system
  - nervous system
  - gastrointestinal  
Evidence source  
Source: [doi.org](https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118098141.ch2)
- blurred vision  
### Effects (2)

  - Inhibition/Decrease/Downregulation: acute
  - Activation/Increase/Upregulation: acute  
### Studies

  - preclinical: blurred vision  
### Biological samples (5)

  - nervous system
  - respiratory
  - liver
  - cardiovascular
  - gastrointestinal  
PubMed 28216264  
Source: [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28216264/)
- increased convulsions  
### Effects

  - Activation/Increase/Upregulation: acute  
### Studies

  - preclinical: increased convulsions  
### Biological samples (5)

  - nervous system
  - respiratory
  - liver
  - cardiovascular
  - gastrointestinal  
PubMed 28216264  
Source: [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28216264/)
- disruption of cognitive functions such as learning and memory  
### Effects

  - Inhibition/Decrease/Downregulation: general  
### Studies

  - clinical: disruption of cognitive functions such as learning and memory  
### Biological samples (3)

  - cardiovascular system
  - nervous system
  - gastrointestinal  
Evidence source  
Source: [doi.org](https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118098141.ch2)
- lacrimation  
### Effects

  - Activation/Increase/Upregulation: acute  
### Studies

  - preclinical: lacrimation  
### Biological samples (5)

  - nervous system
  - respiratory
  - liver
  - cardiovascular
  - gastrointestinal  
PubMed 28216264  
Source: [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28216264/)
- irritability  
### Effects

  - Activation/Increase/Upregulation: acute  
### Studies

  - preclinical: irritability  
### Biological samples (5)

  - nervous system
  - respiratory
  - liver
  - cardiovascular
  - gastrointestinal  
PubMed 28216264  
Source: [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28216264/)
- decreased locomotor activity  
### Effects

  - Activation/Increase/Upregulation: acute  
### Studies

  - preclinical: decreased locomotor activity  
### Biological samples (5)

  - nervous system
  - respiratory
  - liver
  - cardiovascular
  - gastrointestinal  
PubMed 28216264  
Source: [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28216264/)
- cough  
### Effects

  - Activation/Increase/Upregulation: acute  
### Studies

  - preclinical: cough  
### Biological samples (5)

  - nervous system
  - respiratory
  - liver
  - cardiovascular
  - gastrointestinal  
PubMed 28216264  
Source: [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28216264/)
- increased salivation  
### Effects

  - Activation/Increase/Upregulation: acute  
### Studies

  - preclinical: increased salivation  
### Biological samples (5)

  - nervous system
  - respiratory
  - liver
  - cardiovascular
  - gastrointestinal  
PubMed 28216264  
Source: [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28216264/)
- muscle cramps  
### Effects

  - Activation/Increase/Upregulation: acute  
### Studies

  - preclinical: muscle cramps  
### Biological samples (5)

  - nervous system
  - respiratory
  - liver
  - cardiovascular
  - gastrointestinal  
PubMed 28216264  
Source: [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28216264/)

And 14 more, listed on the interactive page.

## Off-target safety

- proconvulsant  
### Effects

  - Activation/Increase/Upregulation: general  
### Studies

  - preclinical: proconvulsant  
### Biological samples (3)

  - cardiovascular system
  - central nervous system
  - gastrointestinal  
PubMed 23197038  
Source: [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23197038/)
- decreased gastric acid secretion  
### Effects

  - Inhibition/Decrease/Downregulation: general  
### Studies

  - preclinical: decreased gastric acid secretion  
### Biological samples (3)

  - cardiovascular system
  - central nervous system
  - gastrointestinal  
PubMed 23197038  
Source: [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23197038/)
- hyperthermia  
### Effects

  - Activation/Increase/Upregulation: general  
### Studies

  - preclinical: hyperthermia  
### Biological samples (3)

  - cardiovascular system
  - central nervous system
  - gastrointestinal  
PubMed 23197038  
Source: [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23197038/)
- blurred vision  
### Effects

  - Inhibition/Decrease/Downregulation: general  
### Studies

  - preclinical: blurred vision  
### Biological samples (3)

  - cardiovascular system
  - central nervous system
  - gastrointestinal  
PubMed 23197038  
Source: [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23197038/)
- receptor binding  
### Studies

  - biochemical: NVS\_GPCR\_hM1, is one of one assay component(s) measured or calculated from the NVS\_GPCR\_hM1 assay. It is designed to make measurements of radioligand binding, a form of binding reporter, as detected with scintillation counting signals by Filter-based radiodetection technology.  
### Biological samples

  - cell-free  
Evidence source  
Source: [www.epa.gov](https://www.epa.gov/chemical-research/exploring-toxcast-data-downloadable-data)
- increased gastric acid secretion  
### Effects

  - Activation/Increase/Upregulation: general  
### Studies

  - preclinical: increased gastric acid secretion  
### Biological samples (3)

  - cardiovascular system
  - central nervous system
  - gastrointestinal  
PubMed 23197038  
Source: [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23197038/)
- tachycardia  
### Effects

  - Activation/Increase/Upregulation: general  
### Studies

  - preclinical: tachycardia  
### Biological samples (3)

  - cardiovascular system
  - central nervous system
  - gastrointestinal  
PubMed 23197038  
Source: [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23197038/)
- decreased cognitive function  
### Effects

  - Inhibition/Decrease/Downregulation: general  
### Studies

  - preclinical: decreased cognitive function  
### Biological samples (3)

  - cardiovascular system
  - central nervous system
  - gastrointestinal  
PubMed 23197038  
Source: [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23197038/)
- hypertension  
### Effects

  - Activation/Increase/Upregulation: general  
### Studies

  - preclinical: hypertension  
### Biological samples (3)

  - cardiovascular system
  - central nervous system
  - gastrointestinal  
PubMed 23197038  
Source: [pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23197038/)

## Related records

### Trials (617)

- "Death Rattle" - A Double Blind, Randomly Controlled, Crossover Trial
- "Low Dose Sugammadex Combined With Neostigmine and Glycopyrrolate Versus Full Dose Sugammadex for Reversal of Rocuronium-induced Neuromuscular Blockade: a Cost Saving Strategy"
- 0.6 vs. 1.2 mg Atropine Together With Neostigmine 2.5 mg on Heart Rate in Patient Receiving Muscle Relaxant
- 1-year Study to Assess the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Glycopyrronium Bromide (NVA237) in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- 4FMFES-PET Imaging of Endometrial and Ovarian Cancers
- A 12 Week Treatment, Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Parallel-group, Placebo and Active Controlled Study to Assess the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Indacaterol Maleate / Glycopyrronium Bromide in COPD Patients With Moderate to Severe Airflow Limitation.
- A 12-week Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Umeclidinium 62.5 Microgram (mcg) Compared With Glycopyrronium 44 mcg in Subjects With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- A 12-week Treatment, Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Parallel-group, Placebo and Active Controlled Study to Assess the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Indacaterol Maleate / Glycopyrronium Bromide in COPD Patients With Moderate to Severe Airflow Limitation
- A 16-Week Study of Pirenzepine or Placebo to Treat HIV-Associated Distal Sensory Polyneuropathy in Patients With HIV
- A 24-Week Study of Topical Pirenzepine or Placebo in Type 2 Diabetic Patients (T2DM) With Peripheral Neuropathy
- A 6-week Dose Ranging Study of CHF 5259 pMDI in Subjects With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
- A Clinical Study of Gimatecan in Advanced Ovarian Epithelial Cancer, Fallopian Tube Cancer or Primary Peritoneal Cancer
- A Comparative Bioavailability and Adhesion Performance Study, Comparing a New Scopolamine Transdermal Delivery System Formulation to the Currently Established Reference Transdermal Delivery System in Healthy Adult Participants.
- A Comparison Study of the Efficacy of Quetiapine and Haloperidol in Agitated Adults in Emergency Room
- A Confirmatory Safety and Efficacy Study of BBI-4000 in Subjects With Axillary Hyperhidrosis
- A Dose Ascending, Study To Examine The Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics Of GSK233705B.
- A Dose-Ranging Study of the Effect of Glycopyrrolate in Subjects With Axillary Hyperhidrosis
- A Double-blind Comparison of Scopolamine With Cinnarizin for Prevention of Simulator Sickness
- A Novel Usage of Transdermal Scopolamine in Reducing Narcotic Usage in Outpatient Hand Surgery
- A PET/MRI Study of Cobenfy on Dopamine Transmission in Schizophrenia

### Drugs (67)

- Afacifenacin Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist
- Anisotropine Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 antagonist
- Anisotropine methylbromide Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 antagonist
- ASM-024 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 antagonist
- Atropine Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 antagonist
- Atropine sulfate Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 antagonist
- Benztropine Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 antagonist
- Benztropine mesylate Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 antagonist
- Biperiden Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 antagonist
- Biperiden hydrochloride Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 antagonist
- Biperiden lactate Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 antagonist
- Cevimeline Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 agonist
- Cevimeline hydrochloride Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 agonist
- Clidinium Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 antagonist
- Clidinium bromide Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 antagonist
- Cycrimine Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 antagonist
- Cycrimine hydrochloride Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 antagonist
- Darotropium Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist
- Darotropium bromide Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist
- Dicyclomine Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 antagonist

---

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